Picture of Jürgen Kreileder

Archive for the ‘Linux’ Category

Shorewall in Limbo

Yesterday creator Tom Eastep announced the end of Shorewall development and support.

It is sad to hear that, Tom did a great job. Shorewall is one the best firewall tools available for Linux. I sincerely hope somebody will pick up the project and continue development. If I had the time I would do it myself.

Securing WordPress Admin Access With SSL

January 22nd, 2006: There’s an updated version of this guide for WordPress 2 now: Securing WordPress 2 Admin Access With SSL

As one can guess from the look of this site, I’m using as my blog engine. At this time WordPress does not support HTTPS access to the admin area when the rest of the blog is served via normal HTTP. This is a bit unfortunate. I do not like logging in to my server over unencrypted connections, especially not when using public WLANs. Getting around this WordPress limitation requires quite a few steps:

The Goal

All communication involving passwords or authentication cookies should be done over HTTPS connections. wp-login.php and the wp-admin directory should only be accessible over HTTPS.
Normal reading access, as well as comments, tracebacks, and pingbacks still should go over ordinary HTTP.

The Plan

  • Add an HTTPS virtual host that forwards requests to the HTTP virtual host
  • Modify WordPress to send secure authentication cookies, so cookies never get sent over insecure connections accidentally
  • Require a valid certificate on HTTPS clients. That means to log in to WordPress you need both a valid certificate and a valid password. If someone manages to get your password, he still can not login because he does not have a valid certificate.

The Implementation

Note: This documentation assumes a Debian sarge installation with 2. Some things, in particular Apache module related ones, will be different on other systems.
The server used throughout the instructions is example.org/192.0.34.166. The server’s DocumentRoot is /blog and WordPress resides in /blog/wp. The value of WordPress’ home option is ‘http://example.org’ and the value of its site_url option is ‘http://example.org/wp’.

  • Prepare the SSL certificates:
    • Generate your own certificate authority (CA) if you don’t have one already (I’m using the makefile from OpenSSL Certificate Authority Setup for managing mine) and import it into your browser.
    • Generate a certificate for the SSL server and certify it with your private CA.
    • Generate a certificate for your browser and certify it with your private CA. Most browsers expect a PKCS#12 file, so generate one with
      $ openssl pkcs12 -export -clcerts \
          -in blogclient.cert \
          -inkey blogclient.key \
          -out blogclient.p12

      Then import blogclient.p12 into your browser.

  • Make WordPress SSL-ready:
    Apply this patch to the WordPress code. It makes the following changes:
    • Use secure authentication cookies in wp_setcookie()
    • Make check_admin_referer() working with HTTPS URLs
    • Disable login over XML-RPC
  • Enable the necessary Apache modules:
    • Install mod_proxy_html. It will be used to replace absolute ‘http://example.org’ HTTP URLs in the WordPress output with ‘https://example.org’ HTTPS URLs:
      $ aptitude install libapache2-mod-proxy-html

      The module gets enabled automatically after installation.

    • Enable mod_proxy and mod_ssl
      $ a2enmod proxy
      $ a2enmod ssl

      Debian provides sane default configurations for both modules. You might want to take a look at the configuration files (ssl.conf and proxy.conf) nevertheless.

    • If you are compressing WordPress output (that is if you enabled the ‘WordPress should compress articles (gzip) if browsers ask for them’ option) then also enable mod_headers:
      $ a2enmod headers
  • Configure Apache to listen on the HTTPS port
    $ cat > /etc/apache2/conf.d/ssl.conf << EOF
    <IfModule mod_ssl.c>
    	Listen 443
    </IfModule>
    EOF
  • Modify the blog virtual host to limit access to wp-login.php and wp-admin to the local host. Also completely deny access to files which should never be accessed directly. Here is an example: 10-example.org
  • Now setup the HTTPS virtual server: 20-example.org-ssl
    If you are compressing WordPress output you have to enable the RequestHeader line.
  • Enable the site and restart Apache
    $ a2ensite 20-blog-ssl
    $ /etc/init.d/apache2 restart
  • Remove the old WP cookies from your browser
  • Test the new setup!

Fixing the ipt_recent Netfilter Module

I have experienced some strange behavior with my ipt_recent netfilter rules after an uptime of about 25 days. The rules started to block much too early. After rebooting the machine I was able to reproduce the problem for five minutes. This clearly indicated a problem with jiffies (Linux initialized jiffies so that the first roll-over happens five minutes after booting).

A closer look at ipt_recent.c revealed that the time tests did not work like intended if one of the last hits was more than LONG_MAX jiffies ago or if the list of last hits contained empty slots and jiffies is greater than LONG_MAX.

To fix this, I replaced jiffies with seconds since ’00:00:00 1970-01-01 UTC’. I have sent the patch to linux-kernel and netfilter-devel. The patch also includes some 64-bit fixes.

May 12th, 2005: The patch has been added to Linux 2.6.12-rc4-mm1

September 8th, 2005: Please note that only the 64-bit parts of my patch have made it into 2.6.12. I’m working on an updated fix for the time comparison problems which will hopefully get accepted for 2.6.14 or later.

September 12th, 2005: These issues have CAN numbers now: CAN-2005-2872 and CAN-2005-2873 (which supersede CAN-2005-2802)

July 10th, 2006: The jiffies issue is fixed in the vanilla kernel now. Also note that 2.6.18 will contain a rewrite of ipt_recent.c.

2.6.12-rc-mm Lockups Fixed

The lockups I have experienced with 2.6.12-rc-mm kernels have finally been fixed by this patch from Oleg Nesterov.

Blackdown Java for PowerPC Status

The question whether Blackdown is working on a PowerPC JDK keeps resurfacing.

Yes, we are working on porting HotSpot and J2SE 5 to both ppc and ppc64!
There is no sponsor for this port, so nobody is working on it full-time currently. That means work is progressing slowly (but steadily), not much is working at this point.